tmux + vim的复制配置

做嵌入式的同学，大多在Linux环境下开发。现在也有很多同学用OSX开发。其实他们都是类Unix系统。作为一个开发者，效率很重要。有很多重复琐碎的动作，如果能提高一点效率，多次累积起来，节省的时间和精力也是可观的。在提升效率的同时，做一个很有效率，而避免琐碎重复的动作，也很有助于心情的愉悦。所以，但凡有机会，我都会给别人安利一些好用的工具，例如tmux，vim，fish啊，等等。

有人称tmux, zsh, vim是文本处理的三剑客。这三个工具用好了确实好用。我目前的开发环境使用的是fish + tmux + vim。fish的作用和zsh差不多。本文想着重介绍的是困扰我很多年的tmux + vim的剪贴板问题。

tmux下的复制

在毕业后的若干年内，我一直在Windows下，使用putty + ssh +tmux连接远端的Linux服务器做开发。好处是，tmux可以做session管理，即便putty ssh关闭，任务不会中断。只要服务器不关闭，下次打开仍然可以快速恢复工作现场。

tmux分屏模式下的文本选中

tmux中的panel在多任务的情况下非常好用。但带来的问题是，当tmux有横向分屏的时候，复制好困难。文本的选中会跨越panel边界（图截不出来，相信使用tmux的新手同学，应该都遇到过这个问题）。解决的办法是，打开tmux的鼠标模式：

set-option -g mouse on

此时，如果通过鼠标选中，就不会跨越分屏边界。怎么复制，对于新手来说，又是一个问题。

vim用:vsplit命令分屏的时候，也有同样的问题，解决方法如出一辙，使能鼠标模式，set mouse=a。

tmux复制模式下的复制

tmux的所有操作都是通过bind-key实现的。本身有一套默认的bind-key table，当然也可以自定义，tmux插件也可以帮你定义。所以有什么不清楚的，可以直接自行查bind-key table。方法是：

• 通过ctrl + [:进入tmux命令模式
• 执行list-keys命令就可以了

这里需要注意的是较新的tmux 中的bind-key table较老版本的完全不同。例如笔者当前使用的最新release版tmux2.8，而Ubuntu 16.04 LTS版本源中自带的是tmux 2.1。据说tmux中间进行过重构，导致很多功能其实并不兼容老版本。所以推荐使用新版本。

Ubuntu 16.04 LTS版本的源中自带的tmux是2.1的。这会导致很多功能没法使用

# tmux 2.8 list-keys
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-Space           send-keys -X begin-selection
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-a               send-keys -X start-of-line
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-b               send-keys -X cursor-left
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-c               send-keys -X cancel
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-e               send-keys -X end-of-line
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-f               send-keys -X cursor-right
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-g               send-keys -X clear-selection
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-k               send-keys -X copy-end-of-line
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-n               send-keys -X cursor-down
bind-key    -T copy-mode    C-p               send-keys -X cursor-up

# tmux 2.1 list-keys
bind-key        C-b send-prefix                                                     
bind-key        C-o rotate-window
bind-key        C-z suspend-client
bind-key      Space next-layout
bind-key          ! break-pane
bind-key          " split-window
bind-key          # list-buffers
bind-key          $ command-prompt -I #S "rename-session '%%'"
bind-key          % split-window -h
bind-key          & confirm-before -p "kill-window #W? (y/n)" kill-window

是不是很不一样？请自行忽略2.1版本。

2.8中的每一行其实运行的是一个bind-key命令，具体参数可以参考tmux man page

• -T: 指定表格
• -r: 指定该按键可以repeat。例如调整panel大小，你不想每放大缩小一次都要按prefix吧，那会抓狂的。

copy-mode就是一个具体table，在你按下ctrl + [进入复制模式时生效。同理还有个叫prefix的table，也就是普通模式下的按键表。

话说这么多，到底怎么复制？搜索这个表格的是否有copy-selection就可以了。所以通常Enter会被映射成send-keys -X copy-selection-and-cancel。也就是按下Enter，选中的文字会被复制到tmux剪贴板。

tmux下复制到Windows剪贴板

这个才是本篇想说的话题。因为我花了好些年才找到答案。所以可见经验的传承是多么重要。下面先说怎么做，再说为什么。

如何做？

首先单纯靠putty是没办法的，因为putty只是单纯的terminal emulator。而Linux的剪贴板管理是需要X-Window支持的。所以你需要的是一个完整的X11 forwarding的环境。X11 forwarding有很多途径可以做到，可以自行google，笔者选择了一个turn key solution，就是安装MobaXTerm。默认的配置就已经使能X11 server和X11 forwarding了。

接下来，要做的就是：

• 确定你的Linux系统里有X11界面，如果没有请自行google安装
• 确定你的Linux系统里有xclip, xsel或xclipboard三者之一
• 如果你的DISPLAY变量在tmux下不正常，可以在.tmux.conf下添加

set -g update-environment "\
    DISPLAY \
    "

• bind-key -T copy-mode y send-keys -X copy-pipe-and-cancel "xsel -i --clipboard"

最后一步更优雅的解决方法是安装tmux-yank插件。

为什么要这么做？

Linux的桌面系统管理了一个剪贴板，这个剪贴板依赖于X Window系统，由前述的几种app管理，类似于Windows下的clip.exe。当在Windows下用ssh连接Linux的时候，如果未设置X11 forwarding，则在Windows下是无法使用到xsel，xclip或者xclipboard的，所以无法访问Linux的剪贴板内容。如果设置好了X11 forwarding，则在Windows下就能访问Linux剪贴板。

tmux本身也管理了一个剪贴板，称为buffer。tmux的命令copy-selection, paste-buffer, list-buffers就是针对tmux自身的剪贴板的操作。tmux原生支持，通过空格选中，Enter复制，ctrl + ] 粘贴。

如果想tmux下将终端显示内容复制到Windows剪贴板要做的就是把tmux剪贴板发送到X11的剪贴板中。tmux-yank插件做的就是这件事。当然你也可以通过在copy-mode-vi表格里绑定任何按键来做这件事情。

vim复制到Windows剪贴板

没有运行在tmux下的vim或是gvim要复制到Windows剪贴板，或者说是系统剪贴板，依赖的是vim的寄存器操作。可以自行google。系统剪贴板对应的vim寄存器是"+。所以在vim下如果想复制到系统剪贴板，你可以用"+y来取代平时常用的y。例如：

• "+yy：复制当前行到系统剪贴板
• "+yw：复制当前的单词到系统剪贴板

如果vim运行在tmux下，因为tmux自带的剪贴板就有点麻烦了。这时候有一个插件就比较有用了——vim-tmux-clipboard。他依赖于另一个vim插件vim-tmux-focus-events。装好这两个插件，在.tmux.conf中添加

set -g focus-events on

大功告成。现在在vim下，直接使用yank快捷键，不用指定寄存器，就可以直接复制内容到tmux剪贴板，同时因为tmux-yank的存在，文本也会被复制到系统剪贴板。

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